Thursday, May 21, 2020
Humanitarian Essay - 697 Words
Trianna Arreola Arreola 1 English 8 Period 6 Ms. Grande February 25, 2009 Escape to Freedom Imagine what it would be like to get hit in the head with a two pound weight by protecting another person. Harriet Tubman was born a slave. As a slave, she preferred working outdoors than in the kitchen. She also became known as the ââ¬Å"Conductor of the Underground Railroad.â⬠Without Harriet Tubman, she would not have inspired many people like Martin Luther King Jr. Harriet Tubman is a humanitarian because she helped over 300 slaves escape to their freedom. Harriet Tubman had many early life influences that motivated her to become a humanitarian. ââ¬Å"Harriet Tubman found a job in the kitchen of a hotel. As soon as she had saved enoughâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This shows that John Tubman did not share the same dream as Harriet or support her. This also shows why he marries another woman while not seeing Harriet for two years. When Harriet worked as a slave, she only ate what was left of the table crumbs and she slept and she slept on the floor (Sullivan 15). She stay ed strong and she kept faith in herself. Staying strong and having faith would some day bring her to freedom. Although Harriet Tubman had many struggles, however she also had many accomplishments that made her a humanitarian. All the accomplishments Harriet Tubman achieved is what made her a humanitarian. All the escapes she made with fugitives, she had never lost one passenger (www.pbs.org). Harriet Tubman always said, ââ¬Å"Be free or dieâ⬠to the fugitives that wanted to give up. Motivating is what she is good at. In the year 1849, she started her journey and left her husband. ââ¬Å"On one occasion, she overheard some men reading her wanted poster, which stated that she was illiterate. She promptly pulled out a book and feigned reading it. The ploy was enough to fool the men.â⬠(www.pbs.org). This demonstrates how she can pull off close traps like this. During her escape journey she would also disguise as a man because she knew that people were searching for a Arreola 3 woman. In the year 1860, Harriet had her most challenging journey that included her 70 year old parents (www.pbs.org). ThisShow MoreRelated Humanitarian Intervention Essay992 Words à |à 4 PagesHumanitarian Intervention Hypothesis: That despite the incidents where humanitarian interventions have proved seemingly unsuccessful, they are, nonetheless, a vital tool in alleviating the human suffering that so plagues contemporary society. The post-Cold war world is one that has been riddled with conflict, suffering and war. In the face of such times, the issue of humanitarian intervention and about who, when and how it should be employed, has become hotly debated. While some critics declareRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay1869 Words à |à 8 PagesThe key objections to humanitarian intervention include the conflict of interests with the self-interested state and sovereignty, the difficulty of internal legitimacy, the problematical Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, and the debate over legality of intervention. The issue of morality stands as an overarching issue which touches on all of these. Overall, one finds that despite a moral imperative to intervene, humanitarian intervention should not occur but is perhaps the lesser of a seriesRead MoreEssay on International Humanitarian Law1949 Words à |à 8 PagesInternational Humanitarian Law (IHL) is seen as the law in which provides basic human rights in time of armed conflict. The use of IHL in a modern scenario is needed now more then ever with the increase of entities that wish to disrupt the peace by ignoring basic human rights. Organisations and treaties have been created to help govern the IHL; which will need to be analysed to provide insight into IHLs. This essay aims to critically analyse IHL and outline how it can be improved. To gain an understandingRead More Humanitarian Assistance and Sierra Leone Essay2406 Words à |à 10 PagesHumanitarian Assistance and Sierra Leone Introduction When a country fails to provide the basic needs of survival for its people, the international community is faced with the issue of intervention. However, there exists no clearly defined doctrine to guide governments or humanitarian organizations in these matters. Some people believe that the protection of sovereignty is more important than the possible benefits of intervention, preferring that governments focus on domesticRead MoreHelping the World through Humanitarian Aid Essay859 Words à |à 4 Pageswould always wonder why her family was still poor and still did not have a house after all these years since the disaster? Humanitarian aid. It ââ¬Å"represents a commitment to support vulnerable host populations that have experienced a sudden emergency, requiring ongoing assistance to maintain or improve their quality of lifeâ⬠(Kopinak 2013). When I first learned about humanitarian aid, I believed that it was the most meaningful thing to do as I could find a perso nal connection to Jasmine. However, inRead MoreEssay Humanitarian Intervention2376 Words à |à 10 PagesHumanitarian intervention is a multifaceted issue that has been a topic of concern within international political and legal realms for many decades. It is often defined as ââ¬Å"[â⬠¦] the threat or use of force across state borders by a state (or group of states) aimed at preventing or ending widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than its own citizens, without the permission of the state within whose territory force is appliedâ⬠(Keohane 1). After theRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay1198 Words à |à 5 PagesHumanitarian intervention is the act when states intervene in the affairs of another state because that state is violating the basic human rights of its civilians or because it is in the intervening stateââ¬â¢s self interest to get involved. (Humanitarian, 2008) These interventions are not specifically aimed at violating the sovereignty of a state, but rather their purpose is to protect the basic human rights of civilians during civil wars and during crime against humanity. (Humanitarian, 2008) RealismRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay3737 Words à |à 15 PagesThere have been large numbers of humanitarian interventions since the Second World War, both with and without United Nations authorization, that were legally justified on the basis of preventing widespread and grave violations of fundamental human rights. The dramatic events of 1999 in East Timor highlight a pressing need to reflect on th e popular debate on the practice of humanitarian intervention. The East Timor case is not an ordinary example of Humanitarian Intervention, in-fact some argue notRead MoreEssay on Humanitarian Intervention2064 Words à |à 9 PagesThe debate of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect have been discussed in international relations discourse more seriously within the last 60 years. The major historical developments which have led to an increase in the intensity of these debates have had beneficial and detrimental effects on Earth within the last 20 years. Several factors have contributed to this including; globalization, the rise in international accountability, an increase humanitarian consciousness to preventRead MoreEssay on Humanitarian Relief Operations 2152 Words à |à 9 PagesHumanitarian relief operations usually happened after natural disasters or man-made disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, landslides and wars. To make the humanitarian relief oper ations prompt and efficient, human relief sector must plan the operations based on logistics activities which can meet the needs of the humanitarian relief operations. This essay is going to start with a brief description of the Korean War, and then discusses the importance of two logistics activities which are victim
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
The Scientific Reasoning Behind Seatbelts - 509 Words
Motion is how everything in the universe moves, movement of the solar system never stops and is constantly moving but at a very slow speed. There are three laws in motion that explain movement, they are the Newtonââ¬â¢s three laws of motion named after Isaac Newton. The Newtonââ¬â¢s first law states that an object that is a rest will stay at rest unless an outside force is acted upon it and an object that is in motion will stay in motion unless an outside force is acted upon it. This is also called as ââ¬Å"inertiaâ⬠, which means the property of an object to restrict its motion. Examples of inertia would be when a car is driving at a constant speed and instantly stops the person will fall forward if there is no seatbelt. The seatbelt is a safety device that is commonly found on car seats and aircraft seats, it is made from strong durable materials such as fabric, nylon or polyester. Cars that are manufactured are required to have seatbelts due to road safety laws. The law was introduced in the 1970s, it was shown that having seatbelts reduced the amount of road deaths. The seatbelt was invented by George Cayley in the 1800ââ¬â¢s, the seatbelt appeared on planes in the 1900ââ¬â¢s but was later developed to a three point seatbelt by Nils Bohlin. The purpose of seatbelts is to save lives during a sudden stop of movement. The seatbelt was designed to restrain the person from forward motion that may occur in a collision or a sudden stop. Wearing a seatbelt is the simplest way to reduce death orShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Revolution And Enlightenment1267 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, which spanned from the late 1500ââ¬â¢s to 1700ââ¬â¢s, shaped todayââ¬â¢s modern world through disregarding past information and seeking answers on their own through the scientific method and other techniques created during the Enlightenment. Newtonââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËPhilsophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematicaââ¬â¢ and Diderotââ¬â¢s Encyclopedia were both composed of characteristics that developed this time period through the desire to understand all life, humans are capable of understandingRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words à |à 760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright à © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions:Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words à |à 1422 PagesMore than 80 new examples and more than 180 new exercises that use data from current journals and newspapers are included. In addition, more of the exercises speciï ¬ cally ask students to write (for example, by requiring students to explain their reasoning, interpret results, and comment on important features of an analysis). Examples and exercises that make use of data sets that can be accessed online from the text website are designated by an icon in the text, as are examples that are further illustratedRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words à |à 443 Pagesface-to-face meeting and instead ï ¬ nd themselves supporting, coaching, and managing their people over the telephone. Developing and strengthening your telephone coaching skills becomes essential to leveraging your competitive edge or youâ â¬â¢re bound to get left behind. Top leaders know that in order for their people to live their fullest potential every day, they need someone in their corner supporting them throughout the process. As such, a growing need for a proven, long-term solution that can be rapidly deployed
Jose Rizal Free Essays
Write a reflection paper tracing the development of Rizal as a reformist who began to work for changes in his country using: a) one (1) work from Rizal As A Reformist b) the Noli Me Tangere Show also the significance of these works on Filipino society today and how it can change todayââ¬â¢s trends. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Dr. Jose P. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rizal (keyword: love of country) Rizalââ¬â¢s Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa was written in 1882 when Rizal was 21 years old. Rizal was away in Spain for only a month, which may have inspired him to write this literature because he misses his homeland. This work of Rizal is a very significant work of Rizal as a reformist because it expresses his dear love for his native land. As he wrote this literature and felt his love for his country, he builds the foundation of him being a reformist because of the drive to fight for change. Through Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Rizal realizes how much he loves his country and that it has fallen into the wrong governance and that this needs to be changed. Through the lines ââ¬Å"Maging anuman nga ang kalagayan natin, ay nararapat nating mahalin siya at walang ibang bagay na dapat naisin tayo kundi ang kagalingan niya (referring to Philippines)â⬠Rizal explicitly reveals his love for the country and expresses the importance to love and work for the betterment of our homeland. It can also be seen in these lines that even if he is out of the country studying, he will do his part as a Filipino to fight for the rights of every Filipino. Today, this work of Rizal may serve as a reminder for all the people in this country that being a Filipino calls for a duty to serve our native land and fellow citizens. If though Rizalââ¬â¢s work, Filipinos realize their duty as a citizen and love for their country, the Philippines would be a better place to live in and it would be easy to manipulate the society towards a progressive nation. Noli Me Tangere by Dr. Jose P. Rizal Rizalââ¬â¢s well-known novel entitled Noli Me Tangere is one of his works that clearly expresses Rizal as a reformist. Rizal finished his first novel when he was at the age of 26 years old. The hero was penniless, good thanks to his friend Maximo Viola who supported him and shouldered the publication of this novel, the reason why we have a copy in our hands. In this novel, Rizal conveys his belief that education is very important and is an effective tool for reform in the country. Rizal was very brave to depict the issues in the Philippines such as corruption and oppression through the characters and storyline in his novel. The Noli Me Tangere was a very expressive move of Rizal to start the campaign for liberal reform for the country. In this book, Rizal shares his personal experiences at the harsh hands of the Spaniards, as well as experiences shared by his loved ones. Rizalââ¬â¢s brave soul to publish a novel containing these experiences and lessons, encourages Filipinos to be continuous is learning as he did. It again, boils down to his belief that education will strengthen oneââ¬â¢s principles in life and even open your world to the experiences of other people. Until today, Noli Me Tangere and its sequel El Filibusterismo serve as an inspiration for writers to express through literature any present issues in the society. It also evokes the idea of liberalism in such a way that Filipinos has become open-minded to innovations and beliefs that will benefit the country. Most importantly, education is very well valued, as tool needed by every individual to help progress the country. How to cite Jose Rizal, Essay examples Jose Rizal Free Essays Definition of Measurement Measurementà is the process or the result of determining theà ratioà of aà physical quantity, such as a length, time, temperature etc. , to a unit of measurement, such as the meter, second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement is calledà metrology. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal or any similar topic only for you Order Now The English wordà measurementà originates from theà Latinà mensuraà and the verbà metirià through theà Middle Frenchà mesure. Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Measurement Measurement Quantities *Basic Fundamental Quantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol/s| SI unit name| SI unit symbol| Dimension symbol| Length, width, height, depth| a, b, c, d, h, l, r, s, w, x, y, z| metre| m| [L]| Time| t| second| s| [T]| Mass| m| kilogram| kg| [M]| Temperature| T, ? | kelvin| K| [? ]| Amount ofà substance, number of moles| n| mole| mol| [N]| Electric current| i, I| ampere| A| [I]| Luminous intensity| Iv| candela| Cd| [J]| Plane angle| ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? | radian| rad| dimensionless| Solid angle| ? , ? | steradian| sr| dimensionless| Derived Quantities Space Common) Quantity name/s| (Common) Quantity symbol| SI unit| Dimension| (Spatial)à position (vector)| r,à R,à a,à d| m| [L]| Angular position, angle of rotation (can be treated as vector or scalar)| ? ,à ? | rad| dimensionless| Area, cross-section| A, S, ? | m2| [L]2| Vector areaà (Magnitude of surface area, directed normal totangentialà plane of surface)| | m2| [L]2| Volume| ? , V| m3| [L]3| Quantity| Typical symbols| Definition| Mea ning, usage| Dimension| Quantity| q| q| Amount of a property| [q]| Rate of change of quantity,à Time derivative| | | Rate of change of property with respect to time| [q] [T]? 1| Quantity spatial density| ? volume density (nà = 3),à ? = surface density (nà = 2),à ? = linear density (nà = 1)No common symbol forà n-space density, hereà ? nà is used. | | Amount of property per unit n-space(length, area, volume or higher dimensions)| [q][L]-n| Specific quantity| qm| | Amount of property per unit mass| [q][L]-n| Molar quantity| qn| | Amount of property per mole of substance| [q][L]-n| Quantity gradient (ifà qà is aà scalar field. | | | Rate of change of property with respect to position| [q] [L]? 1| Spectral quantity (for EM waves)| qv, q? , q? | Two definitions are used, for frequency and wavelength: | Amount of property per unit wavelength or frequency. [q][L]? 1à (q? )[q][T] (q? )| Flux, flow (synonymous)| ? F,à F| Two definitions are used;Transport mechanic s,à nuclear physics/particle physics: Vector field: | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary. | [q] [T]? 1à [L]? 2, [F] [L]2| Flux density| F| | Flow of a property though a cross-section/surface boundary per unit cross-section/surface area| [F]| Current| i, I| | Rate of flow of property through a crosssection/ surface boundary| [q] [T]? 1| Current density (sometimes called flux density in transport mechanics)| j, J| | Rate of flow of property per unit cross-section/surface area| [q] [T]? 1à [L]? | Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#General_derived_quantities http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Physical_quantity#Base_quantities System of Units Unit name| Unit symbol| Quantity| Definition (Incomplete)| Dimension symbol| metre| m| length| * Originalà (1793):à 1? 10000000à of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the EquatorFG * Currentà (1983): The distance travelled by light in vacuum inà 1? 299792458à of a seco nd| L| kilogram[note 1]| kg| mass| * Originalà (1793): Theà graveà was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point. FG * Currentà (1889): The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram| M| second| s| time| * Originalà (Medieval):à 1? 86400à of a day * Currentà (1967): The duration ofà 9 192 631 770à periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom| T| ampere| A| electric current| * Originalà (1881): A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. [The [CGS] emu unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1à cm long of a circle 1à cm in radius creates a field of one oersted at the centre. 37]]. IEC * Currentà (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1à m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7à newton per metre of length| I| kelvin| K| thermodynamic temperature| * Originalà (1743): Theà centigrade scaleà is obtained b y assigning 0à ° to the freezing point of water and 100à ° to the boiling point of water. * Currentà (1967): The fraction 1/273. 16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water| ? mole| mol| amount of substance| * Originalà (1900): The molecular weight of a substance in mass grams. ICAW * Currentà (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0. 012 kilogram of carbon 12. [note 2]| N| candela| cd| luminous intensity| * Originalà (1946):The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre * Currentà (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540à ? 012à hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. | J| Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International_System_of_U nits Scientific Notation Scientific notationà (more commonly known asà standard form) is a way of writing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. Scientific notation has a number of useful properties and is commonly used in calculators and by scientists, mathematicians and engineers. In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form of (aà times ten raised to the power ofà b), where theà exponentà bà is anà integer, and theà coefficientà aà is anyà real numberà (however, seeà normalized notationà below), called theà significandà orà mantissa. The term ââ¬Å"mantissaâ⬠may cause confusion, however, because it can also refer to theà fractionalà part of the commonà logarithm. If the number is negative then a minus sign precedesà aà (as in ordinary decimal notation). ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- Converting numbers Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form, convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation. None of these alter the actual number, only how itââ¬â¢s expressed. Decimal to scientific First, move the decimal separator point the required amount,à n, to make the numberââ¬â¢s value within a desired range, between 1 and 10 for normalized notation. If the decimal was moved to the left, appendà xà 10n; to the right,à xà 10-n. To represent the number 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation, the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left andà xà 106à appended, resulting in1. 2304? 106. The number -0. 004à 0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yieldà ? 4. 0321? 10? 3à as a result. Scientific to decimal Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, first remove theà x 10nà on the end, then shift the decimal separatorà nà digits to the right (positiveà n) or left (negativeà n). The number1. 2304? 06à would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 1 230 400, whileà ? 4. 0321? 10? 3à would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be-0. 0040321. Exponential Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part. The decimal separator in the significand is shiftedà xà places to the left (or right) and 1xà is added to (subtracted from) the exponent, as shown below. . 234? 103à =à 12. 34? 102à =à 123. 4? 101à = 1234 Significant Figures Theà significant figuresà (also known asà significant digits, and often shortened toà sig figs) of a number are thoseà digitsà that carry meaning contributing to itsà precision. This includes all digitsexcept: * leadingà andà trailing zerosà which are merely placeholders to indicate the scale of the number. * spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater precision than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater precision than the equipment supports. Inaccuracy of a measuring device does not affect the number of significant figures in a measurement made using that device, although it does affect the accuracy. A measurement made using a plastic ruler that has been left out in the sun or a beaker that unbeknownst to the technician has a few glass beads at the bottom has the same number of significant figures as a significantly different measurement of the same physical object made using an unaltered ruler or beaker. The number of significant figures reflects the deviceââ¬â¢s precision, but not itsà accuracy. The basic concept of significant figures is often used in connection withà rounding. Rounding to significant figures is a more general-purpose technique than rounding toà nà decimal places, since it handles numbers of different scales in a uniform way. For example, the population of a city might only be known to the nearest thousand and be stated as 52,000, while the population of a country might only be known to the nearest million and be stated as 52,000,000. The former might be in error by hundreds, and the latter might be in error by hundreds of thousands, but both have two significant figures (5 and 2). This reflects the fact that the significance of the error (its likely size relative to the size of the quantity being measured) is the same in both cases. Computer representations ofà floating point numbersà typically use a form of rounding to significant figures, but withà binary numbers. The number of correct significant figures is closely related to the notion ofà relative errorà (which has the advantage of being a more accurate measure of precision, and is independent of the radix of the number system used). The term ââ¬Å"significant figuresâ⬠can also refer to a crude form of error representation based around significant-digit rounding; for this use, seeà significance arithmetic. The rules for identifying significant figures when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:à * All non-zero digits are considered significant. For example, 91 has two significant figures (9 and 1), while 123. 45 has five significant figures (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). * Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example: 101. 12 has five significant figures: 1, 0, 1, 1 and 2. Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0. 00052 has two significant figures: 5 and 2. * Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example, 12. 2300 has six significant figures: 1, 2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0. 000122300 still has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In addition, 120. 00 has five significant figures since it has three trailing zeros. This convention clarifies the precision of such numbers; for example, if a measurement precise to four decimal places (0. 001) is given as 12. 23 then it might be understood that only two decimal places of precision are available. Stating the result as 12. 2300 makes clear that it is precise to four decimal places (in this case, six significant figures). * The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not always be clear if a number like 1300 is precise to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty. Various conventions exist to address this issue: * Aà barà may be placed over the last significant figure; any trailing zeros following this are insignificant. For example, 1300 has three significant figures (and hence indicates that the number is precise to the nearest ten). * The last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for example, ââ¬Å"2000â⬠has two significant figures. * A decimal point may be placed after the number; for example ââ¬Å"100. â⬠indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant. * In the combination of a number and aà unit of measurementà the ambiguity can be voided by choosing a suitableà unit prefix. For example, the number of significant figures in a mass specified as 1300à g is ambiguous, while in a mass of 13à h? g or 1. 3à kg it is not. Rounding Off Numbers Roundingà a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit represe ntation; for example, replacing ? 23. 4476 with ? 23. 45, or the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression v2 with 1. 414. Rounding is often done on purpose to obtain a value that is easier to write and handle than the original. It may be done also to indicate the accuracy of a computed number; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123,456 but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units is better stated as ââ¬Å"about 123,500. â⬠On the other hand, rounding introduces someà round-off errorà in the result. Rounding is almost unavoidable in many computations ââ¬â especially when dividing two numbers inà integerà orà fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such asà square roots,à logarithms, andà sines; or when using aà floating pointà representation with a fixed number of significant digits. In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate, and in certainà ill-conditionedà cases they may make the result meaningless. Accurate rounding ofà transcendental mathematical functionsà is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as ââ¬Å"the table-makerââ¬â¢s dilemmaâ⬠. Rounding has many similarities to theà quantizationà that occurs whenà physical quantitiesà must be encoded by numbers orà digital signals. Typical rounding problems are pproximating an irrational number by a fraction, e. g. ,à ? by 22/7; approximating a fraction with periodic decimal expansion by a finite decimal fraction, e. g. , 5/3 by 1. 6667; replacing aà rational numberà by a fraction with smaller numerator and denominator, e. g. , 3122/9417 by 1/3; replacing a fractionalà decimal numberà by one with fewer digits, e. g. , 2. 1784 dollars by 2. 18 dollars; replacing a decimalà integerà by an integer with more trailing zeros, e. g. , 23,217 people by 23,200 people; or, in general, replacing a value by a multiple of a specified amount, e. . , 27. 2 seconds by 30 seconds (a multiple of 15). Conversion of Units Process The process of conversion depends on the specific situation and the intended purpose. This may be governed by regulation,à contract,à Technical specificationsà or other publishedà standards. Engineering judgment may include such factors as: * Theà precision and accuracyà of measurement and the associatedà uncertainty of measurement * The statisticalà confidence intervalà orà tolerance intervalà of the initial measurement * The number ofà significant figuresà of the measurement The intended use of the measurement including theà engineering tolerances Some conversions from one system of units to another need to be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision o f the first measurement. This is sometimes calledà soft conversion. It does not involve changing the physical configuration of the item being measured. By contrast, aà hard conversionà or anà adaptive conversionà may not be exactly equivalent. It changes the measurement to convenient and workable numbers and units in the new system. It sometimes involves a slightly different configuration, or size substitution, of the item. Nominal valuesà are sometimes allowed and used. Multiplication factors Conversion between units in theà metric systemà can be discerned by theirà prefixesà (for example, 1 kilogram = 1000à grams, 1 milligram = 0. 001à grams) and are thus not listed in this article. Exceptions are made if the unit is commonly known by another name (for example, 1 micron = 10? 6à metre). Table ordering Within each table, the units are listed alphabetically, and theà SIà units (base or derived) are highlighted. ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â- Tables of conversion factors This article gives lists of conversion factors for each of a number of physical quantities, which are listed in the index. For each physical quantity, a number of different units (some only of historical interest) are shown and expressed in terms of the corresponding SI unit. Legend| Symbol| Definition| ?| exactly equal to| ?| approximately equal to| digits| indicates thatà digitsà repeat infinitely (e. g. 8. 294369à corresponds toà 8. 294369369369369â⬠¦)| (H)| of chiefly historical interest| ASSIGNMENT IN PHYSICS I-LEC Submitted by: Balagtas, Glen Paulo R. BS Marine Transportation-I Submitted to: Mrs. Elizabeth Gabriel Professor in Physics-Lec How to cite Jose Rizal, Essay examples
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